chapter 8

How Search Engines Work
The term "search engine" is often used generically to describe both crawler-based search engines and human-powered directories. These two types of search engines gather their listings in radically different ways.

Crawler-Based Search Engines

Crawler-based search engines, such as Google, create their listings automatically. They "crawl" or "spider" the web, then people search through what they have found.

If you change your web pages, crawler-based search engines eventually find these changes, and that can affect how you are listed. Page titles, body copy and other elements all play a role.

Human-Powered Directories

A human-powered directory, such as the Open Directory, depends on humans for its listings. You submit a short description to the directory for your entire site, or editors write one for sites they review. A search looks for matches only in the descriptions submitted.

Changing your web pages has no effect on your listing. Things that are useful for improving a listing with a search engine have nothing to do with improving a listing in a directory. The only exception is that a good site, with good content, might be more likely to get reviewed for free than a poor site.

"Hybrid Search Engines" Or Mixed Results

In the web's early days, it used to be that a search engine either presented crawler-based results or human-powered listings. Today, it extremely common for both types of results to be presented. Usually, a hybrid search engine will favor one type of listings over another. For example, MSN Search is more likely to present human-powered listings from LookSmart. However, it does also present crawler-based results (as provided by Inktomi), especially for more obscure queries.
The Parts Of A Crawler-Based Search Engine

Crawler-based search engines have three major elements. First is the spider, also called the crawler. The spider visits a web page, reads it, and then follows links to other pages within the site. This is what it means when someone refers to a site being "spidered" or "crawled." The spider returns to the site on a regular basis, such as every month or two, to look for changes.

Everything the spider finds goes into the second part of the search engine, the index. The index, sometimes called the catalog, is like a giant book containing a copy of every web page that the spider finds. If a web page changes, then this book is updated with new information.

Sometimes it can take a while for new pages or changes that the spider finds to be added to the index. Thus, a web page may have been "spidered" but not yet "indexed." Until it is indexed -- added to the index -- it is not available to those searching with the search engine.

Search engine software is the third part of a search engine. This is the program that sifts through the millions of pages recorded in the index to find matches to a search and rank them in order of what it believes is most relevant. You can learn more about how search engine software ranks web pages on the aptly-named How Search Engines Rank Web Pages page.


Major Search Engines: The Same, But Different

All crawler-based search engines have the basic parts described above, but there are differences in how these parts are tuned. That is why the same search on different search engines often produces different results. Some of the significant differences between the major crawler-based search engines are summarized on the Search Engine Features Page. Information on this page has been drawn from the help pages of each search engine, along with knowledge gained from articles, reviews, books, independent research, tips from others and additional information received directly from the various search engines.

Now let's look more about how crawler-based search engine rank the listings that they gather.

5 top Search Engines

1. Duck Duck Go

At first, DuckDuckGo.com looks like Google. But there are many subtleties that make this spartan search engine different. DuckDuckGo has some slick features, like 'zero-click' information (all your answers are found on the first results page). DuckDuckgo offers disambiguation prompts (helps to clarify what question you are really asking). And the ad spam is much less than Google. Give DuckDuckGo.com a try... you might really like this clean and simple search engine.

Visit DuckDuckGo here

2. Ask (aka 'Ask Jeeves')

The Ask/AJ/Ask Jeeves search engine is a longtime name in the World Wide Web. The super-clean interface rivals the other major search engines, and the search options are as good as Google or Bing or DuckDuckGo. The results groupings are what really make Ask.com stand out. The presentation is arguably cleaner and easier to read than Google or Yahoo! or Bing, and the results groups seem to be more relevant. Decide for yourself if you agree... give Ask.com a whirl, and compare it to the other search engines you like.

Visit Ask here

3. The Internet Archive

The Internet Archive is a favorite destination for longtime Web lovers. The Archive has been taking snapshots of the entire World Wide Web for years now, allowing you and me to travel back in time to see what a web page looked like in 1999, or what the news was like around Hurricane Katrina in 2005. You won't visit the Archive daily, like you would Google or Yahoo or Bing, but when you do have need to travel back in time, use this search site.

Visit the Internet Archive here

4. Yippy (formerly 'Clusty')

Yippy is a Deep Web engine that searches other search engines for you. Unlike the regular Web, which is indexed by robot spider programs, Deep Web pages are usually harder to locate by conventional search. That's where Yippy becomes very useful. If you are searching for obscure hobby interest blogs, obscure government information, tough-to-find obscure news, academic research and otherwise-obscure content, then Yippy is your tool.

Visit Yippy/Clusty here

5. Yahoo!

Yahoo! is several things: it is a search engine, a news aggregator, a shopping center, an emailbox, a travel directory, a horoscope and games center, and more. This 'web portal' breadth of choice makes this a very helpful site for Internet beginners. Searching the Web should also be about discovery and exploration, and Yahoo! delivers that in wholesale quantities.

Visit Yahoo! here

 

chapter7 Some ideas to help and support the flooding crisis in Thailand

-News. And remind all channels such as radio, TV antenna, etc.
-Prepare rice, dried foods, medications, flashlights and other equipment needed to survive in times of flood.
-Prepared to make a sandbag wall of water. (But do not put it against the wall. Because it increases the pressure of the water spill out easily).
-Keep valuables and pets. And electrical equipment. To the top floor of the house
-For us. Government agencies. I need help.
Do not eat high flood water. If a shortage of drinking water. The time to boil. To prevent disease outbreaks.

Chapter 6 : Report writing and Citation

Example a writing report

 

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/ltd/campus/reportwr.pdf

Example of an article citation

 

Ballard, Joe N. (1998). Horatio Wright. In The History of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. DIANE Publishing. p. 143. ISBN 0-7881-7666-8. Google Book Search. Retrieved on December 23, 2007.

 

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Example_style

 

 

Chapter 5

Bitch, the (1958)

chapter 3

9.1   Idenfity The Difference between Library of Congress classification system ( L.C.) and Deway Decimal 
classification system  ( D.D.C )

The Library of Congress is the United States' Library. Its the oldest library, started by the federal government, and helps with research that congress does. The library is the worlds largest library and holds some of the oldest books in the world. While the Dewey Decimal System is the system used to organize books in the library, it was created by Melvil Dewey in 1876. Its still used today and has only been revised 22 times since it has been created.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_Library_of_Congress_and_Dewey_Decimal_System






 9.2  Link to

-  The Library of Congress website

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_Library_of_Congress_and_Dewey_Decimal_System

 - British   Library

http://www.bl.uk/

- Thai National Library

http://bangkoklibrary.com/content/118-national-library-thailand

- Sripatum University Library

http://librarytest.spu.ac.th/

- Asean Community website

http://www.bic.moe.go.th/th/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191&Itemid=171http://www.bl.uk/

chapter 2

Supjetive Opinions:
Ex.
                                      The definition of love

No  love  but  your  love  can  set  my  world  on  fire.
And  fill  me  with  desire.

The  best  time  in  my  life  is  having  you  beside  me.

In  my  heart  I  have  love.
In  my  love  I  always  have  you.

I  wish  to  be  a  star  in  your  darkness.
I  wish  to  be  with you  in  the  stormy  day.
I  wais  to  be  your  friend  always.

Sending  my  love  to  you,
On  the  day  I’m  very  thought  of  you.

You’re  the  shinning  stars  brighten  my  life  with  hope
You’re  the  strength  that  support  my  life  whenever  I  need.

The  best  time  in  my  life  is  having  you  beside  me.

The  happy  time  in  my  life  is  doing  everything  for  you.
I’ve  know  many  people  in  this  world 
But  l’ve  a  few  to  understand  and  truly  love  me.
One  of  them  is  you

You’ve  made  my  routine  days  become  more  meaning.

This  heart  of  flower  I  give  it  to  you.
Please  keep  it  closer  to  your  heart  too.

Everything  I  gave  you  won’t  make  me  lost.
Everything  you  gave  me  I  should  make  it  worth.

Please  take  your  heart  out  of  cover
Let  me  help  you  discover  a  perfect  love.
Look  high, there’s  a  bright  and  blue  sky
Look  at  my  eyes, there’s  love  inside.

My  hero  that  what  you  are  in  my  love  story  you’re  the  star.
It’s  you, so  sweet  and  true.

Remember  I’m  in  love  with  you.
Please  save  your  heart  for  me.

More  than  the  greatest  love  the  world  has  know
This  is  the  love  I’ll  give  to  you  alone
More  than  the  simple  words  I  try  to  say
I  only  live  to  love  you  more  each  day.

You’re  my  dream  that  comes  true.

Don’t  forget  to  remember  me  and  the  love  that’s  used  to  be
I’m  still  remember  you  and  everything  we’re  used  to  do.

Don’t  throw  my  love  away, you  might  need  it  someday.

 

You’re  in  my  thought.
You’re  in  my  days  and  in  my  heart  always.

When  I  feel  happy, I  dare  to  laugh  among  people.
But  when  I  feel   blue  I’ve  just  to  cried  with  you
Because  you’re  the  only  one  who  understand  me.
http://webboard.yenta4.com/topic/152837

chater 2

                                                      Culture of Italy
Culture Name
  - Italian
Alternative Name
  - Republic of Italy, Italia,Repubblica Italiana
Orientation

Identification. The Romans used the name Italia to refer to the Italian peninsula. Additionally, Italy has been invaded and settled by many different peoples. Etruscans in Tuscany preceded the Romans and Umbria, while Greeks settled the south. Jews entered the country during the period of the Roman republic, and Germanic tribes came after the fall of Rome. Mediterranean peoples (Greeks, North Africans, and Phoenicians) entered the south. The Byzantine Empire ruled the southern part of the peninsula for five hundred years, into the ninth century. Sicily had many invaders, including Saracens, Normans, and Aragonese. In 1720, Austrians ruled Sicily and at about the same time controlled northern Italy. There is a continuing ethnic mixing.
Location and Geography

Italy is in south central Europe. It consists of a peninsula shaped like a high–heeled boot and several islands, encompassing 116,300 square miles (301,200 square kilometers). The most important of the islands are Sicily in the south and Sardinia in the northwest. The Mediterranean Sea is to the south, and the Alps to the north. A chain of mountains, the Apennines, juts down the center of the peninsula. The fertile Po valley is in the north. It accounts for 21 percent of the total area; 40 percent of Italy's area, in contrast, is hilly and 39 percent is mountainous. The climate is generally a temperate Mediterranean one with variations caused by the mountainous and hilly areas.

History and Ethnic Relations

Emergence of the Nation. It was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that Italy as we know it today came to be. Until that time, various city-states occupied the peninsula, each operating as a separate kingdom or republic.
Forces for Italian unification began to come together with the rise of Victor Emmanuel to the throne of Sardinia in 1859. That year, after the French helped defeat the Austrians, who had come to rule regions through the Habsburg Empire, Victor Emmanuel's prime minister, Count de Cavour of Sardinia, persuaded the rest of Italy except the Papal States to join a united Italy under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel in 1859. In 1870 Cavour managed to be on the right side when Prussia defeated France and Napoleon III, the Pope's protector, in the Franco-Prussian War. On 17 March 1861, Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia was crowned as king of Italy. Rome became the capital of the new nation.
Italy's history is long and great. The Etruscans were the first major power in the Italian peninsula and Italy was first united politically under the Romans in 90 B.C.E. After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century C.E. , Italy became merely a "geographic expression" for many centuries. Chaos followed the fall of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne restored order and centralized government to northern and central Italy in the eight and ninth centuries. Charlemagne brought Frankish culture to Italy, and under the Franks, the Church of Rome gained much political influence. The popes were given a great deal of autonomy and were left with control over the legal and administrative system of Rome, including defense.

The Carolingian line became increasingly weak and civil wars broke out, weakening law and order. Arabs invaded the mainland from their strongholds in Sicily and North Africa. In the south, the Lombards claimed sovereignty, where they established a separate government, until they were replaced by the Normans in the eleventh century.
City governments, however, had profited from Carolignian rule and remained vibrant centers of culture. Local families strengthened their hold on the rural areas and replaced Carolingian rulers. Italy had become difficult to rule from a central location. It had become a collection of city–states.
Through the ensuing years, numerous rulers from beyond the Alps, with or without the consent of the papacy, failed to impose their authority. Throughout the fourteen and fifteenth centuries of campanilismo (local patriotism), only a minority of people would have heard the word "Italia." Loyalties were predominantly provincial. However, there were elements that made a strong contrast to the world beyond the Alps: a common legal culture, high levels of lay education and urban literacy, a close relationship between town and country, and a nobility who frequently engaged in trade.

Three features in particular from this period solidified the notion of a unified culture. The first was the maturing of the economic development that had originated in the earlier centuries. Northern and central Italian trade, manufacture, and financial capitalism, together with increasing urbanization, were to continue with extraordinary vigor and to have remarkable influence throughout much of the Mediterranean world and Europe as a whole—a development that served as the necessary preliminary for the expansion of Europe beyond its ancient bounds at the end of the fifteenth century. Second came the extension of de facto independent city–states, which, whether as republics or as powers ruled by one person or family, created a powerful impression upon contemporaries and posterity. Finally, and allied to both these movements, it was from this society that was born the civilization of the "Italian Renaissance" that in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was to be exported to the rest of Europe.

National Identity. The issue of regionalism has plagued Italy to the present day. Originally, the issue was one of the more developed north against the poor south. Italian regions had their own separate histories over a fourteen–hundred–year period. Many different "dialects" were spoken, and customs varied from area to area. In the period since the Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement, there has been a great deal of unity achieved. There is still a difference between the north, the central region, and the south. However, literacy has made a common language the norm. Television, radio, and newspapers have aided education by fostering a sense of national culture.

Ethnic Relations. Many countries and peoples have occupied Italy over the centuries. Italians resented each of these conquerors. However, they intermarried with them and accepted a number of their customs. Many customs, for example, in Sicily are Spanish in origin.
Italians have assimilated a number of people within their culture. Albanians, French, Austrians, Greeks, Arabs, and now Africans have generally found a welcome in peaceful social interaction. This mixture is reflected in the wide variety of physical characteristics of the people—skin and hair colorings, size, and even temperaments. Italians easily incorporate new foods and customs into the national mix. In all, there are about one million resident foreigners.

http://www.everyculture.com/Ge-It/Italy.html

chapter1

what is information
Information is stimuli that has meaning in some context for its receiver. When information is entered into and stored in a computer, it is generally referred to as data. After processing (such as formatting and printing), output data can again be perceived as information.
When information is packaged or used for understanding or doing something, it is known as knowledge.
http://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/definition/information
what is data
Data is a collection of facts, such as values or measurements.
It can be numbers, words, measurements, observations or even just descriptions of things.
Data can be qualitative or quantitative.

• Qualitative data is descriptive information (it describes something)
• Quantitative data, is numerical information (numbers).

http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/data.html
what is knowledege
Sometimes, we use the word knowledge to mean that we have some information, we know that Mary drinks lemonade, for example. When we have this type of knowledge then we are able to express it. I cannot say that I know when the Battle of Hastings took place, if I cannot, under any circumstances, say the date! This is not true of knowing how.
http://www.trans4mind.com/personal_development/Philos/WhatIsKnowledge.htm
what is wisdom
 We hear the word a lot these days—the need for wisdom, the wisdom traditions, wisdom schools. We each would like to have more wisdom. And for others to have it as well. Too much human hurt and suffering comes from lack of wisdom. There is something about wisdom that we all aspire to. But what is this quality we hold in such high regard?
http://www.peterrussell.com/SP/Wisdom.php